Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers

physical fitness Industry and Social Media DangersCould The Fitness Industry Be More HarmfulThen Helpful?Introduction health displace be defined as the stateof being free from unhealthiness and stigma. save looking further into the word health gives you synonyms such(prenominal) as well-being fittingness good condition goodshape. These words furnish concepts regarding the relationship of the fitness patience to the sense of well being and good health. Since the First worldly concern Warthe concentrate on on physical fitness has been a primary focus of the health status andconversation around health issues in Canada and the United States. In Canada health Canada and The Canadian viands control Agency, and The provender and Drug Administration in the United States, atomic number 18 responsible for the maintenanceal denominates on the food we consume. These approximates a bulky with the take everywhere food guidelines of nutritional intake ar supposed to be the gold standard for an idiosyncratic to maintain a level of wholesome ingest ane aspect of a sun-loving lifestyle. With a healthy diet, exercise, and adequate sleep, should in theory, enable a very healthy and long life. But what if the foods, the substances being consumed, arnt exactly what they said they were? Or what if something marketed with one health goal, losing weight, actually destroyed and damaged your kidneys in the process? In the Health Consumables Market the issue is whether Canada and the United States fitness industrys prevail become counter harvest-feastive to the maintenance of health. One major issue ar the regulations and guidelines for nutritional information on harvest-feasts that argon directly correlated with the fitness industry, such as protein, Branch-Chain-Amino-Acids, creatine and fat loss products argon too relaxed and often go un experimented1. An level(p) greater detriment to the fitness industry is that the mass who get up these various fitne ss supplements on their cordial media platforms create unrealistic body images and thus further health issues. consistency issues and take disorders further fuel the unregulated supplement industry creating a cyclical beast that may promote health in some but in turn does the opposite in others.What is needed to tame this beast are tighter regulations and standards for supplement products and a system to control the promotion of these Instagram stars and their products. Could the fitness industry ever become an industry charge believing in? CURRENT SUPPLEMENT REGULATIONSCurrently supplements and healthproducts are governed by Health Canada. The Food and Drug Regulations operateon a test if needed basis rather than on a mandatory food- test basis. TheFood and Drug Regulations have a voluntary submission requirement. The companysubmits their nutritional label and product information to Health Canada andthey ensure it follows the nutritional guidelines of what is allowed inproduct s2.If a product makes a exact of either nutrition mental object or unsoundness riskreduction then the product itself will be submitted for testing to the CanadianFood Inspection Agency (CFIA)3.Once submitted to the CFIA they will determine whether the claim of a nutrientvalue is present in the product so that the label is reporting the correcthealth contents. Disease reduction is overly monitored and measurable by CFIA tosee if the product claims are accurate i.e. Cheerios reduces heart disease4.When determining the safety and the health claims of from each one product there are anumber of critical issuesIndustry is responsiblefor ensuring that nutrition labelling and claims are compliant with theFood and Drug Regulationsand thatlabel values accurately reflect the nutrient content of the product.A suitable compliancetest for the accuracy of declared nutrient values must take into considerationthe inherent variability of nutrients in foods and the variability of the testing g round method using appropriate statistical analysis.TheCFIAcomplianceaction will take into consideration not only(prenominal) laboratory results, but withal thehealth risk to the public, economic loss to consumers, past compliance historyof the product and the companys quality control over the manufacturing andlabelling processes.5Inte remnantingly CFIA and health Canada exempt some foodsfrom this soused process and the requirement of having to submit theirproduct for health claims review. Exceptions embarrass meal replacements,nutritional supplements, mineral nutrients and/or amino acids.The United States reviews are conducted by a sub-section of the Food and Drug Administration en doorknockerled Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). CFSAN operates very similarly to the Canadian equivalent, CFIA, in that the majority of testing is done on a random not mandatory basis. The manufacturers are asked to submit the product test results as give awaylined in the Manuf acturers Responsibility criteriaFDAs chronic policy since the 1970s assigns themanufacturer the responsibility for assuring the validity of a product labelsstated nutrient values. Accordingly, the source of the data used to calculatenutrition label values is the prerogative of the manufacturer, but FDAs policyrecommends that the nutrient values for labeling be based on productcomposition, as determined by laboratory analysis of each nutrient. FDAcontinues to recommend the use of the Official Methods of the Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists International (AOAC), with non-AOAC OfficialMethods used only in the absence of appropriate AOAC validated methods. Foreach product that is include in a nutrition-labeling database submitted toFDA, the agency requests that the developer include a table identifyingproposed analytical methods that were used in the analysis of each nutrient,with accompanying information containing validation of the method used by theonsite or commercial labo ratory for the matrix of interest.6However the FDAs regulations allow for a weft byeach manufacturer to use the non-AOAC Official Methods that gives them theability to prepare their numbers.The manufacturer must also comply with Title 21 of the Code of federal official Regulations, which breaks d witness consumables into different classes of nutrients according to the FDA7. There are three different classes of nutrients build I arethose added in fortified or fabricated foods, these nutrients are vitamins,minerals, protein, dietetical fibre, or potassium8.Class I nutrientsmust be present at 100% or more of the value declared onthe label in other words, the nutrient content identified by the laboratoryanalysis must be at least equal to the label value9.Class II arevitamins, minerals, protein, total lolly, dietary fibre, othercarbohydrate, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, or potassium that occurnaturally in a food product10ClassII nutrientsmust be present at80% or more of th e value declared on the label11.Class III nutrientsinclude calories, sugars, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium12.However, for products such as fruit drinks juices and confectioneries thathave sugar content of 90 percent or more of total carbohydrate. To preventlabeling anomalies payable in part to rounding, FDA treats total carbohydrate as aClass III nutrient instead of a Class II nutrient13.For foods with label declarations of Class III nutrients, the ratio between the centre obtained by laboratory analysis and the amount declared on the productlabel in the Nutrition Facts panelmust be 120% or less. The label isconsidered to be out of compliance if the nutrient content of a composite ofthe product is greater than 20% above the value declared on the label14.For example, if a laboratory analysis strand 8 g of total fat/serving in a product that stated that it contained 6 gof total fat/serving, the ratio between the laboratory value and the labelvalue would be (8 / 6) x 100 = 133%, and the product label would be consideredto be out of compliance.Like the CFIA the FDA have dietary supplements under a different category legislated under the Dietary concomitant Health and Education Act 1994(DSHEA)15. These supplements are required to follow these rules outlined belowFederal justice requires that every dietary supplement be labeledas such, either with the term dietary supplement or with a termthat substitutes a description of the products dietary ingredient(s) for theword dietary (e.g., herbal supplement or calciumsupplement).Federal law does not require dietary supplements to be provensafe to FDAs satisfaction before they are marketed.For around claims made in the labeling of dietary supplements, thelaw does not require the manufacturer or seller to prove to FDAs satisfactionthat the claim is accurate or truthful before it appears on the product.In general, FDAs role with a dietary supplement product begins later the product enters the marketpla ce. That is usually the agencys firstopportunity to take action against a product that presents a signifi fuelt orunreasonable risk of illness or injury, or that is otherwise adulterated ormisbranded.Dietary supplement firms must report to FDA any serious adverseevents that are reported to them by consumers or health business concern professionals.Dietary supplement manufacturers do not have to get the agencysapproval before producing or selling these products.It is not legal to market a dietary supplement product as atreatment or cure for a particular disease, or to alleviate the symptoms of adisease.There are limitations to FDA oversight of claims in dietarysupplement labeling. For example, FDA reviews substantiation for claims asresources permit16.The regulations from the DSHEA actually allowcompanies to verify and alter their product and nutritional labels tosecure granting and limit investigation by the FDA or CFSAN. It also creates asystem where CFSAN and the FDA are requi red to go out of their way to findnew-to- market products in order to start an investigation process if needed. The FDA states it is committedto working with all interested parties in order to get hold of reliable nutritionlabeling as economically as possible17.The agency acknowledges that following all of the recommendations/guidelines intheir manual could pose economic unutteredships. Therefore, in certain instances,FDA may accept a proposal to develop a database over several years to helpdefer costs18. By deferring the testingeven longer this bottom only add to the caper at hand.Although limited in the previously mentioned areas of inspection, the Canadian and United States systems have a number of successful and positive parameters. Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration both have independent testing bodies. The CFIA and CFSAN both have good, unbiased structures for testing and the type of tests they use are considered industry gold standards. They also have corr ectly identified the differences in regular grocery store food and what would be considered food from the supplement or fitness industry.The Fitness IndustryThe fitness industry is an ever-changing entity that has continued to evolve over the past several decades. Following the First World War, especially in Canada, physical fitness started to become an area of focus of government. In the 1950s in North America the fitness focus was on rhythmic exercises, bound jacks, calisthenics and the Five Basic Exercises (stretching, sit-ups, back extensions, push-ups, running in place) the first type of circuit training19. The hula-hoop was the main trend in fitness selling over 100 million units in the United States. The 1960s brought us massage belts and diet trends. The massage belts were supposed to massage away fat in cast-off(prenominal) areas, and eating better meant drinking diet soda and artificial sugar20. The 70s brought into the fitness industry jazzercise and bodybuilding. Both of these trends would last longer than the decade due to the enigmatic figure behind it, Arnold Schwarzenegger one of the near decorated bodybuilders of all-time21. The addition to the 80s fitness culture was Jane Fonda and her aerobics videos22. The 1990s fitness trends included Taebo boot camps and extremely popular -celebrity workout videos 23. The boot camp and fitness video trends have definitely stood the test of time as they still are still widely used by fitness participants worldwide. The 21st century heralded in a new attitude of Staying fit including Pilates, kickboxing and weightlifting exercises for women24. The focus switched to heart rate to determine the military issueiveness of a workout 25. The trends of the fitness industry today focus on HighIntensity Interval preparedness (HIIT) the use of complaisant media and thesuper-hero body. HIIT programs consist of workouts under the brand of CrossFit, which is quickly becoming one of the fastest growing fitness tren ds. Itemphasizes strength components interspersed with sprints and long bouts ofcardiovascular fitness. Along with intense training like HIIT the industry hasstarted to incorporate and profit from the use of social media. There are YouTubefitness bloggers and now most recently Instagram superstars. Both use social mediaand have become one of the primary sources of income for todays fitness mortalality. Blockbuster movies have created the ideal body image modelledafter the incredibly- in-shape superheroes such as Superman, Thor, WonderWoman and Captain America.The presence of social media in the fitness industry although a new phenomena in the last decade, has in reality exploded in the last 5 years. The universe of highly viewed YouTube content used to reap monetary rewards for the creators, which is wherefore fitness professionals created content on this platform. today however, it has evolved into something much more. As the fitness industry grows instead of a part-time hobb y it has become a lucrative occupation. A individual involved in this industry can include competing in their respective fields (bodybuilding, weightlifting, Cross Fit, etc.) personal training online coaching selling workout plans, nutrition in person training sponsors (which can be promoted through their respective social media platforms) and personal business endeavours (clothing lines, supplement brands, operating own gym). All of these add revenue to the individual and are often cyclically attached, so one generates customers for the other. Like with anything the more that see you and your accomplishments the more profitable you can become which is why a persons social media platforms have become so important in building ones brand. As mentioned these fitness personalities usually have supplement sponsors as most of these athletes are in the pass by one percent of all people in terms of body aesthetics and performance. When you are in the top one percent of athletes the nutriti on and supplementation you take can give you the slight advantage you need to be just that much better than your resister creating the dependence on these sponsors by all athletes in this industry. However, as is the case in this primarily unregulated industry they are playing with their health and careers. It is hard to believe that an individual who cares so much about their body would put so little research into what they are taking and more importantly what they are promoting. Fitness Industry SupplementsThe most often-used supplement for any athlete is protein powder. Having a protein powder supplement allows an individual to increase their protein intake while not upping the rest of the macros (protein, fats, and carbohydrates) in their daily use of goods and services. However, in a recent 2010 information done, by Consumer Reports not-for-profit magazine run by U.S. Consumer Union, of the top 15 brands in the industry26 found at least one product from each brand tried and true contained detectable amounts of cyanogenic substances. The toxic substances included cadmium, arsenic, lead and/or mercury. The three most toxic brands contained heavy metal poisoning over the safe allowable amount27. These named companies fought back against the report by taking their product line to NSF a non-profit International non-governmental organization, which conducted their own tests. These products passed NSFs American National Standard for Nutrition/Dietary Supplements testing but Consumer Reports counters that there is significant variation between samples in a product line and one passed test doesnt mean every product is safe. The major concern is that prolonged exposure to heavy metal toxicity can cause body toxicity, which can result in further medical issues down the road28. The National Science Foundation is an independentsubsidiary of the World Health Organization reports there are still many issueswith these testing processes. NSF International has legitim ate testing whichsome companies submitted to for independent testing, but they only scoredadequately which is also concerning. T Consumer Reports states that the testingof one product doesnt mean that all the others would be adequate. The alarming truth of these results of high metal toxicityis consumers dont seem to care continuing to buy the products. Statistics showthat in 2012 the supplement industry had revenue of roughly $32 gazillion US andthe industry is trending to grow to about $60 billion US by 202129. According to a registeredUnited Kingdom dietician Maeve Hanan there are some benefits to the consumptionof protein supplements. Such benefits include dowry athletes hit increasedprotein requirement goals, it is also highly convenient, and it can often becost efficient as most athletes get their protein supplements through sponsors30. However according to Hananthere are far more cons than pros to consuming this form of protein. Sheincludes an investigation done by UK Medic ines and Healthcare RegulatoryAgencies where eighty four tested brands contained unreliable ingredients includingsteroids, stimulants and hormones that can cause kidney failures, seizures andheart problems31. There is also evidencethat the prolonged use of protein can cause osteoporosis and severalgastrointestinal diseases32. As well, Hanan found thatthe supplement may not actually contain the level of protein advertised, aproduct said to be containing seventy percent protein in fact had only sevenpercent33. It appears that the issuesMaeve Hanan unearthed in protein supplements could be addressed with bettertesting by the regulating governments.Protein supplements are not the only supplements thatfitness professionals take to build muscle. BCAAs or Branch Chain Amino Acidshave also become a go-to for many of the top one-percenters in the industry.These BCAAs while promoted as a key fitness component for a healthier life,like protein supplements there are negative side effects that arent publiclyacknowledged by the athletes and the companies promoting these products. In a pick out by Luigi et al. it was shownthat decreased BCAA consumption improved metabolic health34.While improving the metabolic health of the test subjects it also showed todecrease Body Mass Index (BMI) and decrease fat mass of an individual, a goalof the fitness personality low body fat percentage35.Although the BCAAs in this study was dietary BCAAs found in food, it stillapplies here. Companies in this industry promote products like BCAA withoutdoing the research needed to prove their effectiveness., The consumer continuesto purchase due to the esthetically appealing people promoting the product areseen as believable. Beautiful people are trustworthier, right?The product that could potentially be the biggest sham andthe most harmful to health, are weight loss products. One of the biggest brandsin the weight loss industry is Hydroxycut. In 2008 there was a study ofHydroxycut by the World Jou rnal of Gastroenterology analyzing its toxicity.They performed a case study with two confirmed users of Hydroxycut and thesymptoms they showed when admitted to hospital. They compiled the results fromthe two current cases and from the previous literature written about theproduct and found that there was a correlation between prolonged use ofHydroxycut and heptatoxicity36. Both of these test subjects andprevious cases exhibited that the prolonged use of this product eventually leadto hepatitis and other colorful health issues. The absence of testing of theproduct that falls under the supplementation guidelines led to negative healthimplications. Although governments have guidelines, they allow products toavoid testing until after they are on market, which is often too late.Social Media and The Fitness IndustryOne of the conduct researchers in Health Law and particularly this area of Fitness and Social Media is Professor Timothy Caulfield. Professor Caulfield has written numerous bo oks on this subject including The Cure For Everything Untangling The Twisted Messages About Health Fitness and satisfaction and Is Gwenyth Paltrow Wrong About Everything. Both of these books discuss the popular health trends, whether they are diet or fitness trends, and how celebrities promote these. Some of the trends consumers have been following even though there is no scientific evidence of their efficacy. These include Juice Cleanses, Colon Cleanses and Gluten Free diets. While juicing has no negative side effects it has also been shown to do no good as it is not a more effective way to get the nutrition from fruits and vegetables and does not flush toxins from the body37. Now a trend like colon cleanses while they may make you feel lighter they can actually be quite harmful to the body by causing nausea vomiting and even infection38. Going gluten free is a trend that has really taken off but again no scientific proof that eliminating gluten has any health benefits, while actu ally some studies have shown that going gluten free can actually lead to weight gain39. So why would consumers buy into these fads if there is no scientific proof behind them? The answer is simple because celebrities promote them, and the consumers have no reason not to believe them. glory endorsement might just be the biggest negative in the fitness industry. If there are fitness icons or personalities who promote an untested product it causes the homogeneous issue as the diet trend promotions. However in the case of health products promoted by these fitness personalities it is much more harmful due to the majestic heavy metal present in the products. The promotion of these unregulated products is also tied into the celebritys unrealistic bodies. Many people forget that these people have full-time jobs devoted to looking amazing. These celebrities are seen as the definition of being healthy and attractive so if one doesnt look like them can create serious body image issues.Instag ram is quickly becoming the most popular form of social media. This app has been production lined to sharing over 40 billion photos since its creation with about 80 million a day40. The purpose of the app is to curate and edit photos and posts with how we want the public to view that particular user. This creates a potentially dangerous atmosphere to those who may be susceptible to an eating disorder. Users need to be educated that users of Instagram may utilize filters, angles and lighting to look as desirable as possible distorting the real image41. This not only creates a false reality for the followers of that user but for that user themselves42. According to Crystal who is a get the hang Level Registered Dietician and a Certified Intuitive Eating Counselor there are certain things to monitor when using Instagram in order to nurture against negative self-image, eating disorder, or body issuesWhat Kind of accountsare you following?Are you preoccupied withfood and or/fitness on Instagram in a way that is obsessive or unhealthy?Do you find yourselffollowing certain diet trends or dieting recommendations because of someone orsomething you found on Instagram?43Instagrampersonalities not only promote or influence diet trends they also endorseunregulated supplement products, which can add to unhealthy choices.In answer Instagram has been tagged with creating its own eating disorder. According to University College London states that Instagram is the leading cause of Orthorexia Nervosa44. Orthorexia Nervosa is an illness focused on an obsession with eating healthy. Symptoms can include eating excessive fruits and vegetables cutting out certain food groups and excessively exercising45. While this may seem like just healthy lifestyle choices this illness is related to the severity of the dietary restrictions, leading to malnutrition and social isolation46. The reasons given for the Instagram connection is the people followed expose the follower to a extreme heal th pictures, and social media personalities are seen as authoritys on health and appearance47. The Supplementation of the RegulationsThere are clarify issues today that stem from the growth of the fitness industry, but there doesnt have to be. In the United States and Canada there exists already a structure to properly test all of the supplements that go to market, before the product is released. It is clear that the methods of testing and the standards for this industry are sound, but just not fully implemented. However there should be a complete ban on products leading to heavy metal poisoning. The amount of testing for each product would increase significantly industry standard of 10 there will need to be an increase of jobs to accommodate for the amount on tests for each product and the amount of lead case workers. Government may consider a number of issues when considering implementing changes the creation of government jobs versus the lost jobs from supplement companies who c ant comply with new proposed industry standards the inevitable burden of unhealthy citizens versus a healthier country with healthier citizens.Companies like BioTrust seem to be one of the industry standards for the production of healthy products. Tim Skwiat and Shawn Wells directors at BioTrust endorseRight way the rightpeople who are formulators (use the right ingredients that work the best ratherthan look good)Cost of ingredient andthe product will be higher because they do studies on the ingredients (healthyhuman studies, in comrade reviewed journals)Take the stuff that weknow works and make a product from that.Ingredients are natural(no soy product)Ingredient testing (theynever stop testing and letting the product out of their hands)48While changing theregulations and possibly the growth of a company like BioTrust will help changethe supplementation industry for the better, there doesnt seem to be a simplefix for the social media issue. There has been extensive research on the relationship to food restrictions at a youngish age and developing an eating disorder or becoming overweight later in life. According to a study done by Eisenberg & Neumark-Sztanier a survey of adolescents in grades 712, 30% of girls and 25% of boys reported teasing by peers about their weight. Such teasing has been found to persist in the theater as well29% of girls and 16% of boys reported having been teased by a family member about their weight49. Neumark-Sztainer also co-wrote a paper on the effect of this teasing on the children which increases their chances of 1.5 to develop a form of an eating disorder50. These trends however are not limited to children being teased it also stems into the perceived norms from social culture or mainstream media. According to a study by Abramovitz & Birch children learn (unhealthy) mainstream attitudes towards food and weight at a very young age, this study looked at five-year-old girls and a significant proportion of girls associated a diet with food restriction, weight-loss and thinness51. There needs to be more education from the governments around food and healthy ways for kids to eat, which is simply without rigid structure. The rigidity adds to the desire to get attractive or stay thin with extra presence from mainstream culture or social media (Instagram) which encourages the excessive use of supplementation which ends up often making the individual even more unhealthy. This has become a very cyclical and overwhelming problem which needs to be addressed by the governing bodies. If the new structure cant be implemented then simple education could go a very long way. There needs to be a priority of everyone in the industry to instead of coercing people to get fit, get them healthy instead.BibliographyAbramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000). Five-year-old girls ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothers dieting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100 (10), 1157-1163.Canadian Food Inspection Agen cy, Nutrition Labelling Compliance Test (9 folk 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online .Danielle Isbell, Fitness Trends of the Last Six Decades (4 June 2015), Spry Living (blog), online .David Lariviere, Nutritional Supplements Flexing Muscles As Growth Industry (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog), online .Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994).Eisenberg, M. E. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing and Emotional Well-Being Amond Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. Food and Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012).How Instagram can encourage eating behaviour disorders, (3 March 2017), Eating disorder hope(Blog), online .Ian Kenney, ProteinPowder Toxicity (3 October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online .Lauren Pelley, Timothy Caulfield debunks celebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses, (8 January 2015), The Star (Newspaper), online .Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & Joseph Lim, Hydroxycut Hepatoxicity A Case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements (2008) 1445 World J of Gastroenterology 6999.Luigi et al. Decreased consumption of branch chain amino acids improves metabolic health. (2016) 162 HHS Public Access 520, online .Maeve Hanan, Protien Supplements deliberation up the Pros and Cons, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog), online .Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg, P. A. (2007). Shared gamble and Protective Factors for lumbering and Disordered Eating in Adolesecents. American Jounral of Preventative Medicine, 33(5), 359-369.Office of Dietary Supplements, Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites), online .Skwiat, Tim Wells, Shawn. The Truth AboutSupplements (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast).Vanessa Chalmers, Is Instagram making you sick? Study explai ns why photos of breakfast bowls and fitness inspiration can drive you to an eating disorder., (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper), online .1 Office of Dietary Supplements, DietarySupplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites),online .2 in a higher place take maintain 1.3 Canadian Food Inspection Agency,Nutrition Labelling Compliance Test (9 September 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online .4 Supranote 3.5 Supranote 3.6 Supranote 3.7 Foodand Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012).8 Supranote 7.9 Supranote 7.10 Supranote 7.11 Supranote 7.12 Supranote 7.13 Supranote 7.14 Supranote 7.15 DietarySupplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994).16 Supra note 15.17 Supra note 15.18 Supra note 1519 Danielle Isbell, Fitness Trends of theLast Six Decades (4 June 2015), SpryLiving (blog), online .20 Supranote 19. 21 Supranote 17.22 Supranote 17.23 Supranote 17.24 Supranote 17.25 Supranote 17.26 Ian K enney, Protein Powder Toxicity (3October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online .27 Supranote 24.28 Supranote 24.29 David Lariviere, Nutritional SupplementsFlexing Muscles As Growth Industry (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog), online .30 Maeve Hanan, Protien SupplementsWeighing up the Pros and Cons, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog),online .31 Supranote 28.32 Supranote 28.33 Supranote 28.34 Luigi et al. Decreased consumption ofbranch chain amino acids improves metabolic health. (2016) 162 HHS PublicAccess 520, online .35 Supranote 32.36 Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & JosephLim, Hydroxycut Hepatoxicity A Case series and review of liver toxicity fromherbal weight loss supplements (2008) 1445 World J of Gastroenterology 6999.37Lauren Pelley, Timothy Caulfield debunkscelebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses, (8 January2015), The Star (Newspaper), online .38 Supranote 35.39 Supranote 35.40 How Instagram can encourage eatingbehaviour disorders, (3 March 2017), Eat ing disorder hope(Blog), online .41 Supranote 38.42 Supranote 38.43 Supranote 38.44 Vanessa Chalmers, Is Instagram making yousick? Study explains why photos of breakfast bowls and fitness inspiration candrive you to an eating disorder., (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper),online .45 Supranote 42.46 Supranote 42.47 Supranote 42.48 Skwiat, Tim Wells,Shawn. The Truth About Supplements (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast).49 Eisenberg, M. E.& Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing andEmotional Well-Being Amond Adolescents. Archivesof Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. 50 Neumark-Sztainer,D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg,P. A. (2007). Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and DisorderedEating in Adolesecents. American Jounralof Preventative Medicine, 33(5), 359-369.51 Abramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000).Five-year-old girls ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothersdieting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100 (10), 1157-1163.